Metabolic fuel selection: general integration at the whole-body level

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En commkmorant le 200“‘ anniversaire de la mort de Lavoisier, j’aimerais kvoquer aussi deux autres grands scientifiques frangais. Louis Pasteur qui a dkcouvert que 1’02 inhibe la fermentation (la glycolyse), et Claude Bernard et son concept de ‘la fixitk du milieu intkrieur’. Les principaux composants de la sklection de substrats sont le glucose (et Cgalement le glycogbne, le lactate, le pyruvate, l’alanine) et les lipides (et egalement les adipocytes, le triacylglyckrol du muscle et circulant, et les corps cCtoniques), bien que les acides aminks apportent une contribution importante et indispensable. Le glucose est essentiel pour les cellules qui sont des anaerobes obligatoires et pour certaines cellules du systbme nerveux central. La sklection des substrats au niveau du corps tout entier est donc une caractkristique essentielle du maintien de I’homCostasie du glucose dans le sang. En situation de manque de glucides alimentaires, l’oxydation du glucose est inhibCe, sauf dans les cellules pour lesquelles il est indispensable, par l’inactivation du complexe pyruvate dkshydrogknase (EC 1.2.4.1,2.3.1.12,1 h.4.3; PDH). Ceci s’effectue par l’activation de la PDH kinase (EC 2.7.1.99) par des mkcanismes h court terme qui impliquent des produits de l’oxydation de lipides et des mkcanismes h plus long terme qui impliquent les acides gras et 1’AMPc. Le foie bascule en mode glycogenique par induction-rkpression des enzymes glyconkogkniques-glycolytiques par 1’AMPc. La coordination s’effectue par modification des activitks de l’insuline, du glucagon, des hormones thyroydiennes, de l’hormone de croissance, des corticostkroldes. Dans le muscle en exercice, l’utilisation du glucose est substantiellement plus importante sur des pkriodes qui vont jusqu’h 1 heure ou plus, avec un basculement progressif sur les substrats lipidiques. La production de lactate est considtrablement augmentee, et la production de glucose hCpatique s’klbve par des mkcanismes B court terme basks sur la production d’AMPc. La coordination s’effectue par l’action de l’insuline, du glucagon, des catkcholamines et de l’hormone de croissance. Le mCcanisme impliquk dans ces deux exemples d’importance capitale servira d’exemple pour l’intkgration gCnkrale au niveau du corps tout entier.

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تاریخ انتشار 2005